Fig. 3

Biomaterials mechanically interact with wound environment. a A wide variety of biomaterials (e.g., polymer, mesoporous, liposome, iron/silica) can be designed for wound healing. These materials actively or passively match wound characteristics to provide optimal condition for wound healing. b Adaptive materials: adaptive materials actively respond to internal or external stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, light and magnetism) to change their characteristics (e.g., size, stiffness, porosity, topography) or degrade. c Biomaterials for cell motility: engineered biomaterials have the potential to enhance the motility of cells by offering suitable motility speed and direction within a three-dimensional (3D) movement environment. Creating different pore sizes within materials is an important means to achieve multi-dimensional cell movement. d Biomaterials for tissue ingrowth: precisely designing the degradation modes and 3D structure of biomaterials plays a pivotal role in allowing tissue ingrowth. Neogenic vessel and neurofiber could gradually grow as materials degrade. e Biomaterials for immune ecology: biomaterial surface, topography, wettability, and stiffness regulate phenotype of macrophages, neutrophils (innate immune) as well as T cell activation (adaptive immune). Created with BioRender.com